Thursday, November 11, 2021

A Commentary on the Lord's Prayer

A Commentary on the LORD’s Prayer Matthew 6:5-13 and Luke 11:1-4 version 2 Probably no prayer, in English or any other language, is prayed more often than the one Jesus taught his disciples to pray and use for modeling. Unfortunately, the prayer is too often recited mechanically, without the person saying it or those hearing it fully understanding what is being said. These notes on the LORD’s Prayer should give Bible readers some useful insights into the stylistic and literary aspects of the prayer. Preliminary Notes Jesus’ disciples asked him to teach them how to pray. And Jesus gave them this model, with some context and elaboration. Note that technically, the “LORD’s Prayer” is an incorrect description, because it is not a prayer that Jesus made to the Father; it is an example prayer for the disciples. Maybe it should be called, “The Disciples’ Prayer,” or even, “The Christian’s Prayer.” Jesus’ Background Commentary Jesus introduces his discussion of the LORD’s Payer with some general comments on prayer. 1. Pray in secret. Don’t pray just to let others know you are praying. Praying ostentatiously in front of others will create the appearance of showing off just to be seen by others or just to brag about how spiritual you are (Matthew 6:5). Close the door of your prayer room and talk to the Father, “who sees in secret” (Matthew 6:6). However, the fact that this prayer itself begins with “Our father,” rather than “My father,” shows that the model assumes corporate or group prayer will take place. Jesus wants us not to show off when praying during our personal time with God, but to take part humbly and simply with others of faith in addressing our Father in heaven. 2. Do not use meaningless repetition. God can hear even the shortest prayers, and he does not pay more attention to those who use many words or fancier words over those whose prayers are brief and simple. God hears the prayers of those who love him and obey his commandments. 3. Remember that “your Father [God] knows what you need before you ask him” (Matthew 6:8). This is one of the most comforting thoughts Jesus tells us. Text of the Prayer Mat 6:9: “Pray, then, in this way: ‘Our Father who is in heaven, Hallowed be Your name. Mat 6:10: ‘Your kingdom come. Your will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. Mat 6:11: ‘Give us this day our daily bread, Mat 6:12: ‘And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.* Mat 6:13: ‘And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Mat 6:[‘For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.’”] Text Notes Bible translation: New American Standard Bible (NASB) 6.9.1 Pray, then, in this way. The words, “in this way,” show that Jesus is offering a model, not a mantra. The idea of saying a hundred “Our Fathers” as some kind of penance or blessing price is just not Scriptural. Christians are encouraged to create their own prayers, following the model. As noted above, because the prayer begins with, “Our” instead of “My,” Jesus clearly intended that the prayer (and the public prayers modeled on it) should be prayed aloud in groups of Christians. 6.9.2 Our Father. The being who made us likes to use the metaphor of parent-child relationship. A Father loves his child, disciplines his child, rewards his child, protects his child, directs his child. He is Father to all of us, so no one can say he is only, “My Father.” The father-son relationship enjoys a higher position among human relationships than others because it includes relational, emotional, personal, intellectual, and spiritual aspects. Other relationships are connected by only one or a few of these aspects. Employer-Employee, King-Subject, Teacher-Student, Pastor-Church Member, Friend-Friend, Mentor-Mentee all have different aspects, some more than one aspect, but none have the dynamics of a Father-Son relationship. Note, however, that women can enjoy this Father-Son relationship also, because it is a spiritual relationship. And the relationship is not “just” metaphorical. Every human being can participate in this closely parental affiliation, but none as close as those who share DNA with each other.. 6.9.3 Our Father Who is in Heaven, The opening words of the prayer address God directly, forming an apostrophe (uh POSS troh fee) to God. (An apostrophe is a direct address to someone, whether present or absent.) The apostrophe focuses attention. The fact that someone is being addressed directly in the narrative provides evidence that the addressee is an important person. Here Jesus shows that the disciples (and we, too) can address God directly without fear or hesitation and without an intermediary to do the praying either for them or for us. That we address a God “in Heaven” rather than on earth reminds us that God is in a higher realm than we are, and we should be deferential and humble before him. 6.9.4 Our Father Who is in Heaven. The opening apostrophe of the prayer embodies the trope (figure of language) of a pleonasm (PLEE oh naze um), a type of amplification. Pleonasms are used to slow down the pace of a sentence and increase the gravity and seriousness, thus strengthening the focus and emphasis. The words used to create the pleonasm could all be eliminated if Jesus had elected to. Some of the “word for word” translations render this opening with “who is” as well as the remaining words. Our Father who is in heaven Note, then, that Jesus’ words could have been only “Our Father in heaven.” The words “in heaven” are not required for a full meaning, so they could be eliminated also. Our Father Finally, “Our” could have been omitted: Father, The prayer would then have begun, “Father. . . .” But then, notice how the pacing, dignity, and connection would have been weakened without the extra words. 6.9.4 Who is in Heaven. Which God do you worship? Where does he live? What is his name? When discussing theology, it is crucial to know what others are thinking when they mention God. A hundred years ago, you could have asked someone, “Do you believe in God?” and you would likely get only either a “Yes” or a “No” answer. Today you would get the question thrown back at you, in the form of, “Which god?” Traditionally, God has been identified by the Tetragrammaton as the being “Who Is,” (YHWH, or Yahweh). In many places in the Old Testament, God is referred to as the creator of the heavens and the earth: May you be blessed of the LORD, Maker of heaven and earth —Psalm 115:15. How blessed is he whose help is the God of Jacob, Whose hope is in the LORD his God, Who made heaven and earth, The sea and all that is in them; Who keeps faith forever. . . .” —Psalm 146:5-6 (NASB) For great is the LORD and greatly to be praised; He is to be feared above all gods. For all the gods of the peoples are idols, But the LORD made the heavens. —Psalm 96:4-5. “Maker of the heavens and the earth” is actually a powerful and distinctive epithet, for it reminds us of the size and power and strength and creativity of the person we worship—the person who made 300 billion trillion stars and gave each a name. 6.9.5 Hallowed be Your name. Hallowed (hagiazo) in the New Testament means consecrate, venerate, make holy, to sanctify, revere, or deeply respect. When we pray for God’s name to be hallowed, then, we are asking that God be worshipped, revered, reverenced, adored, blessed. In a culture like ours that has essentially returned to paganism, these adjectives are especially important to remember and practice. We need to worship, revere, adore him. We want God to be recognized as holy. 6.9.6 Hallowed be Your name. The expression “hallowed be your name,” is another pleonasm, used in place of “May you be hallowed.” In other words, by including the word name, the expression becomes an intensifier which adds some solemnity to the phrase. There are many other passages in the Bible that use this same trope: “Blessed be the name of the Lord” means “blessed be the Lord himself.” The new formulation also continues to clarify “which God” we are thinking of. For I proclaim the name of the LORD; Ascribe greatness to our God. —Deuteronomy 32:3 (NASB) "Now the LORD has fulfilled His word which He spoke; for I have risen in place of my father David and sit on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built the house for the name of the LORD, the God of Israel. —1 Kings 8:17 Because of this, having girded up the loins of your mind, being sober, perfectly hope on the grace being brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ, as children of obedience, not fashioning yourselves to your former lusts in your ignorance, but according to the Holy One who has called you, you also become holy in all conduct; because it has been written, "Be holy, because I am holy." —1 Peter 1:13-16 (from Lev. 19:2 And remember that holy means, “set apart for a specific purpose, dedicated to.” It is the Hebrew word Qodesh. When we think of holiness and that we will never be able to achieve it, we need to remember this definition. “Be holy, because I am holy” means “set yourself apart from the emptiness and wickedness of the world and come grow in relationship with God.” 6:10.1 Your kingdom come. God’s kingdom power is emergent, and we are to pray that its full realization will be hastened. God’s true purpose is to rule the entire realm he created. So you also, when you see these things happening, recognize that the kingdom of God is near. —Luke 21:31 (NASB) So when they had come together, they were asking Him, saying, "Lord, is it at this time You are restoring the kingdom to Israel?" He said to them, "It is not for you to know times or epochs which the Father has fixed by His own authority; but you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be My witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and even to the remotest part of the earth." —Acts 1:6-8 (NASB) 6.10.2 Your will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. God already has sovereignty over all of heaven. But thanks to a couple of Edenites awhile back, his will is not always done on earth. So he has sent us a remedy. For God did not send the Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world might be saved through Him. —John 3:17 (NASB) 6:11.1 Give us this day our daily bread. This petition is a deep metonymy. A metonymy (meh TAWN uh mee) is a type of metaphor which substitutes a closely associated thing in place of the thing meant. In this case, bread is metonymy for food, since bread is closely associated with food. So the metaphorical meaning of the sentence is “Give us this day our daily food.” But, food can function as a metonymy for needs of every kind, so the meaning of the sentence is, “Give us this day all of our needs.” And among our daily needs are spiritual and emotional needs. So this petition reminds us of the need to communicate with God, by praying and reading his word, and to joining in fellowship and worship with other believers. Mat 6:12.1 And forgive us our debts. Debts is a metaphor for sins. It is much more vivid and immediate to remind us that we have various kinds of debt—various kinds of sin—we need to ask God to forgive us for. And we need forgiveness from other people whom we have sinned against (we owe an apology for calling a neighbor kid “a fool,” we need to forgive the kids who broke the window, we need to seek forgiveness from our spouse for misbehaving, etc.). The fact that this petition remains a standard part of the LORD’s Prayer, for all believers at all times, recognizes that all Christians will still commit sins and need forgiving for them. 6.12.2 as we also have forgiven our debtors. The grammatical tenses in this petition make it clear that our forgiveness of others must take place before God’s forgiveness for our sins will take place. A little clearer translation would be: “And forgive us for our sins, as we have already forgiven those who have sinned against us.” So, if we want to be forgiven for our sins, we cannot pretend to forgive others while still holding guilty grudges or resentments or bitterness any longer. (Why is this instruction so easily and so often ignored?) 6.13.1 And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Rescue us from even the smallest temptation to sin, but save us from Satan taking advantage of our weakness. 6.13+ [For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. ] Amen.’ Some manuscripts omit the closing acknowledgement of God’s greatness. Such an omission is unfortunate because it exemplifies a beautiful rhetorical trope called hendiatris. The sentence, before the trope, was, “For Yours is the kingdom—and the powerful and glorious kingdom too, forever.” Hendiatris changes the two adjectives (powerful and glorious) to nouns (power and glory), resulting in a remarkable increase in emphasis. Jesus uses a similar hendiatris when he and the disciples are discussing “the way” Jesus is going next. His response is to say that he is the way: “I am the true and living way: the way, and the truth, and the life. By raising the two adjectives to nouns, he emphasizes the way with more powerful language. The solemnity of the truth is also enhanced by the slow and rhythmic quality given through the use of anaphora (the repetition of “and the” (John 14:6). _______________________ *"Forf if you forgive others their transgressions, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. But if you do not forgive others, then your Father will not forgive your transgressions (Matthew 6:14-15) --Robert Harris ###

Thursday, January 21, 2021

News Media

 

 

 

News Media

O

 

nce upon a time, a man named John Doe decided to enter the political arena and run for office. He ran for city council and won. Unfortunately, his ideas ran contrary to the views of the local news media.

At one meeting, Mr. Doe proposed some infrastructure work. “For example, we might pave the sidewalks in town,” he suggested. “That would result in safer, easier walking, and it would upgrade our town’s image. After all, no more tracking mud into our homes and stores would be a significant positive for everyone.”

The next day, the local paper, the Clarion, ran this article:

 Doe Proposes Wasting Taxpayer Money

In a poorly thought-through idea and demonstrating an astonishing lack of fiscal responsibility, first-term Councilman John Doe shocked yesterday’s council meeting by proposing out of thin air that an unspecified—but likely very large—amount of money be spent to improve Pleasantville’s already perfectly good infrastructure, making the suggested expenditure a waste.

And as if that weren’t enough foolishness, Doe added insult to injury by claiming that throwing money away on infrastructure would “upgrade the town’s image,” implying that Pleasantville suffers from a negative image. If so, it’s people like Doe who are contributing to it.

This sort of scurrilous attack on the good people of this city is intolerable. Just who does Doe think he is that he can feel free to cast disrespectful calumnies on this nationally well-respected town? Such an insufferable insult should be . . . [Etc.].

 The next day, a reporter from the Clarion interviewed his colleague sitting next to him in the news room.

“Hey Tom, why do you think this Doe character proposed putting in sidewalks?” the reporter asked.

“Who knows? Maybe he’s just a do-gooder. Or maybe he owns stock in the paving company. Or maybe he took a bribe from the concrete plant. Anything’s possible these days.”

The next day, the Clarion ran this story:

 Councilman Might Have Taken A Bribe

Sources speculated yesterday that Councilman John Doe might have taken a bribe from a company potentially involved in completing the infrastructure project Doe proposed at a recent council meeting. The fact that observers could identify no other reason for the proposed “improvements” lends weight to the bribery possibility.

Not only is taking a bribe reprehensible in itself, but it is inexcusable in the context of local government, where small municipalities have limited resources. To think that Doe is willing to cash in on his friends and neighbors is just despicable and tells us that he does not understand even the basic principles of local government. How such a self-serving, seemingly dishonest person could ever get elected . . . [Etc.].

Mr. Doe was understandably upset by this charge, so he called the Clarion to protest.

“I have never taken a bribe for any purpose, nor would I,” he said.

The next day the Clarion ran the following news:

 Councilman Doe Denies Taking A Bribe

Yesterday, Councilman John Doe, already embroiled in a pay-for-play controversy over accusations that he has taken one or more bribes in exchange for proposing unneeded make-work projects in the city, collapsed under public pressure amid the whispering campaign that had concluded not only was he guilty of the extortion attempts, but was actively pursuing other payola schemes of a similar kind but with potentially greater payoffs.

Of course, Doe denied, a little bit too artfully, that he had ever taken one or several bribes in order to propose ridiculously expensive and wasteful infrastructure projects around town.

Such projects would, of course, need to be paid for by stealing taxpayer money from other accounts in the city’s already very tight budget. Perhaps school bus service and school lunches would be eliminated, forcing our youngsters to walk to school, often in dangerous neighborhoods. Even those who weren’t victimized by crime would be unable to concentrate because of the distracting discomfort that an empty stomach and lack of essential food intake would cause. But then, Councilman Doe apparently does not care about. . . [Etc.].

 Once again, Mr. Doe could not let such remarks pass without comment, so he went downtown to the Clarion offices and talked to the editors.

“My proposal,” he told them, “would be paid for by long-term municipal bonds, repaid over thirty years through a few dollars a year increase in property tax. There would be no impact on the current city budget.”

The next day, the Clarion featured this article:

 Councilman Proposes Huge  Tax Increase

In an interview at the Clarion yesterday, inexperienced councilman John Doe revealed himself as just another tax-and-spend politician when he proposed a ruinous debt to pay for his foolish and unnecessary infrastructure idea by imposing a needless, heavy, thirty-year tax burden on city taxpayers, their children, and their grand children. When concerned citizen Ernie Mellick was asked what he thought about the councilman’s ridiculous proposal, he replied, “I don’t think we want no crooked bribers rising our taxes. They is just too much [expletive deleted] corruption around here, anyway.”

Ten other citizens were asked, and they all rejected Doe’s preposterous proposal scornfully. Molly Beartree commented, “I heard that Doe wants to pay for his plan by stealing food from the mouths of babes and children. No more school lunch. That means that if Doe gets his way, kids will starve. Sick children will die. He’s an evil man.”

Another citizen added, “Doe is a murderer.”

 

 Nearby on the first page, was another article.

 Protest Planned

Over Crazy Doe Proposal

Molly Beartree, a long-time, well respected resident of Pleasantville, told the Clarion today that she is fed up with the “idiocy,” as she puts it, of Councilman John Doe’s proposal to slap a ruinous thirty-year tax on residents to pay for what some have said is a project born of bribery. “I’m sick and tired of all the underhanded crookedness going on in this town,” she said. “It’s time we made our voices heard.”

Asked if she planned to get together with angry friends to protest against the councilman, Mrs. Beartree said that was a possibility. “We just might do that tonight. We’re meeting in Smith Park at 8:00 pm. We have signs already made.”

 

That night a few dozen protesters met at the park where Mrs. Beartree spoke to them. She informed the crowd about Councilman Doe’s character: “Doe is a slimy, bribe-taking crook who wants our children to die in the agony of terminal hunger pains while he lives off the fancy food he can afford because of the bribes and kickbacks he takes.” She then said, “Are we going to take this? Are we going to sit by while Doe rapes our city and kills our children?”

The crowd screamed, “No!”

Mrs. Beartree then yelled, “Then let’s march to Doe’s house and tell him we aren’t going to take it anymore!”

The anger of the crowd increased as the citizens marched toward Councilman Doe’s house and began to chant, “Doe, Doe, got to go! Doe, Doe, got to go!” When the crowd arrived at Doe’s house, it wasn’t long before his windows were smashed and his front yard destroyed. Protesters ran through Mr. Doe’s house, spilling paint on the floors and walls. Mr. Doe called the police, but by the time they arrived, his house was in ruins.

The next day, the Clarion ran the following story.

 

Hundreds Protest Doe’s Underhanded and Self-Serving Proposal

Last night hundreds of Pleasantville citizens exercised their free speech rights and, in a mostly peaceful demonstration, protested Councilman Doe’s plot to empty the city treasury in order, as some have speculated, to pay back his cronies for the bribes they gave him.

There were some reports of damage to Doe’s front lawn and an unconfirmed claim that a window had been broken, whether as a stunt by Doe to gain sympathy or by some other means was not clear.

A fire department spokesman, speaking on the scene, said that none of his men had broken the window. Similar disclaimers were offered by the police department, ambulance service, sheriff, and bomb squad. Mr. Manny Jonson, of Manny’s  Towing, said that neither of the cars he was hauling away was still on fire when he arrived, and he saw no signs of violent protest.

The Clarion concluded its story by saying that Mr. Doe was unavailable for comment.


 '

Truth is the foundation of civilization, society, relationship, prosperity, and progress. Those who lie or distort the truth for their own ends are worse than selfish. They are destroyers.

 

Wednesday, January 20, 2021

Your Reputation Has Folowed You

 

Your Reputation

Has Followed You

 

F

armer Hugh was lounging around the potbelly stove in the general store when one of his workers burst in the door, more animated than the farmer had ever seen him. “Mr. Hugh,” he said excitedly, “Mr. Carpenter’s son has just been caught stealing your oranges, right off the tree in broad daylight.”

“What?” demanded farmer Hugh, growing quickly angry. “This time he’s going to jail, since he has a reputation for stealing people’s crops.”

“Speaking of the devil,” said Mr. Steele, the store proprietor, “here he comes now.” Everyone looked as the young man entered the store, oblivious to the stares because he was caught up in a conversation with young Emily Pratt, considered by many to be the town beauty. After an irresistible glance at the girl, the men turned their attention to the boy.

“Just look at that,” said Mr. Hugh’s worker. “He walks just like a thief.”

“He looks like a thief, too,” added Mr. Hugh.

“And listen to him,” said Mr. Steele. “He even talks like a thief.”

By now the young man had stopped talking to Emily and exchanged his look of infatuation for one of bewilderment, in response to the scowls of the three men. “Is something wrong?” he asked.

“Wrong? Wrong?” said Mr. Hugh, sarcastically. “No, nothing’s wrong—that some extended time in jail won’t make better.” There was a heavy emphasis on the words “extended time in jail.”

“I don’t understand,” the young man said.

“Oh, come off it,” said the worker, almost snarling. “Your reputation has followed you.”

Just then, Mr. Carpenter, the boy’s father, entered the store. “Come, Henry,” Mr. Carpenter said, sharply.

“What is it, Dad?” Henry asked.

“Your brother Jeremy was just caught stealing oranges from Mr. Hugh here.” Mr. Carpenter tipped his hat to Mr. Hugh. “I’m so sorry about this. We’ll make it right. Now, we’ve got to go to the courthouse.”

The three men looked as if they had been slapped in the face. None spoke until after Mr. Carpenter and Henry left.

“Actually,” said Mr. Steele, “he doesn’t really talk like a thief after all.”

 “And he doesn’t walk like a thief, either. He doesn’t have that slinky gait,” added Mr. Hugh’s worker.

“And on second look, he looks pretty normal, not really like a thief,” admitted Mr. Hugh.

 

'

Too often, the path to knowledge is blocked by the prideful assumptions we ourselves place in front of us.

  

Thursday, January 14, 2021

A Boring Story

 

 

A Boring Story

 

O

nce upon a time, a literature class was studying Shakespeare. “The next play we’ll read,” said the teacher, “is Hamlet. As with Shakespeare’s other tragedies, we’ll find a mix of serious drama, comedy, philosophy, psychology, and more.”

“I just love these plays,” said a student, taking notes on her laptop.

“He really knows how to explore human nature,” said another student, cleaning his glasses.

“Shakespeare is boring,” said a red-haired girl.

In a few days, the class discussed the play. “What stood out to you about the play?” asked the teacher.

“The gravedigger scene was hilarious,” said one student.

“I liked the ‘to-be-or-not-to-be’ soliloquy,” said another.

“The play was boring,” said the red-haired girl.

“Okay, class,” the teacher continued. “In order to get some deeper insights into the play, you’re going to give me a five-page paper responding to one of these six topics. It’s due in two weeks.” The teacher handed out a sheet with the topics on it.

After looking over the topics, one student said to those around her, “I like all of these. How am I going to choose? I wonder if we can write on more than one?”

Another student raised his hand and asked, “Is it okay if we write more than five pages? It seems to me that there’s a lot to say on several of these topics.”

“All these topics are boring,” said the red-haired girl.

“You can’t find any of them at all of interest?” asked the teacher.

“No. They are just boring.”

“Then why don’t you write a five-page essay on ‘What is interesting’?”

“Sounds boring,” muttered the red-haired girl under her breath.

 

'

X Those who are easily bored expect the world to offer constant excitements to them on a platter.

X Those who are seldom bored use their curiosity to find their own excitement.

X Those who are easily bored are not necessarily lazy, proud, and unintelligent, but that is what others often think.

 

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

1. Discuss with others what things, subjects. or entertainments you find interesting and which  you find boring. For each one, can you explain why?

2. If you had to write a five-page essay on “What is interesting?” what would you say?

3. Over time, have you changed your mind or your interests so that some things you used to find boring you now find interesting, and some things you used to find interesting you now find boring? How do  you account for the changes?

 

Picture This

 

 

Picture This

 

I

n a city far away, both in time and location, there lived a police captain who used figures of speech to improve the impact of his statements. One morning when his sergeant arrived, the captain turned to him and declared, “Sergeant, there’s an infestation of drug dealing rodents paving the innocent streets of Langomere with a poisonous buffet of criminal agendas.”

“I hear you, sir,” said Sergeant Smith. “Let’s go down to that neighborhood and arrest those drug dealers.”

“Yes,” the Captain said. “It’s about time that the strong arm of the law shined as a beacon that dances through the beehive of criminal sewers like a wrecking ball sweeping the floors of a pig sty.”

“But we really need to find the guys at the top, added Sergeant Smith.”

“Of course,” the Captain agreed. “We will dismember those running snakes whose octopus arms stretch over this great city and pollute it with the poisonous tea of broken dreams. But a hundred sharks rolling through their balance sheets will slap them in the bank account of egotism as if a helicopter attacking the cesspools of evil put out those wicked fires all the way down to the bottom of the ocean.”

“Yes, Captain.”

“Let’s roll.”

 

'

 Remember that the primary function of language is to communicate. All the other functions, including persuasion, entertainment, information, warning, exposing, punishing, amusing--are subordinate. Therefore, writing that fails to transfer the author's intention to the hearer or reader, fails.

Figurative language can  heighten nearly any communication, by making it more visual, imaginative, interesting, lively, and understandable. But of course, figurative language uses words in ways that are out of the ordinary compared with straight prose. Readers who mistake this are communicated with less well. Reading figurative language literally creates confusion and misunderstanding.

One sign of poor communication occurs  when the reader discovers that the writer is using mixed metaphors without knowing it. For example, "Approving this plan to pave the sidewalks will put this city on a fast train to the future where every school child can fly safely from home to classroom without fear of a flat tire."

Questions for Thought and Discussion

 1. Point out the mixed metaphors in the story.

2 Discuss the effect the mixed metaphors have on the reader.

3. The author obviously intended the story to be funny. What is funny about it and why?


Wednesday, January 13, 2021

The Butterfly and the Shotgun

 

The Butterfly

And the Shotgun

 

A

 butterfly had just emerged from its chrysalis and was flexing its wings in the warming sun. “I’m not sure, but I think I can fly,” the butterfly said, hopefully. But it sat on the branch for some time, continuing to warm its wings while it remained in some doubt about making an attempt to fly.

Finally, the creature summoned enough courage to flap its wings. Surprised by its success, the little butterfly at first flitted around awkwardly, barely in control of its motions. After a while, though, it got its bearings and managed to fly happily, if not with complete assurance, around the meadow.

Just then, a man with a large, double-barreled shotgun saw the butterfly flitting around not far away. “Hmmph,” he sneered. “Another uppity caterpillar who thought he could fly all over the place and not have to crawl anymore.. I’ll show it.” Then he raised his gun and blasted the butterfly into many  unrecognizable pieces.

“That’ll teach him and his insect pals that it takes a lot more than they’ve got to rule the sky, especially when Jeb and his trusty pal, the Blaster, are here.”

 

'

This story reminds us that new thoughts are often delicate and tentative and should be treated gently in their tentative, early forms. To react to a new thought with energetic condemnation is to use a shotgun to kill a butterfly.

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

1. Why is an early, tentative thought compared to a butterfly just learning to fly?

2. What, do you think makes some people so eager to “shoot down” the ideas of others?

 

 

vvv

  

Sunday, January 10, 2021

Clarification

 

 

Clarification

 

H

ere’s my lawn mower. See if you can find the problem.”

The problem? What makes you think it has only one problem?”

“It doesn’t work.”

“That’s a symptom. That’s not a problem.”

“Okay then, you mow the lawn with it.”

“Look, I’ll fix it. It’ll be ready in five days.”

“Five days!”

“Yeah. What’s the problem?”

“My wife.”

“Has she been using the mower?”

“No. She’s been using her mouth.”

“To cut the grass?”

“Look, can’t you fix it any faster than five days?”

“I dunno. Now that I look at it, I think it’ll take at least a week.”

“I’ll be back in five days. It had better be ready or my wife will kill me.”

“Hey, if it’s that bad, why don’t you get a new one?”

“Do you have any idea how much a divorce costs these days?”

“Naw, all I carry is Toro. Here’s a sexy red baby for only one twenty nine and change. You can’t beat that.”

“Yeah, they tell you you’re getting a good deal when you buy it, and it hums and purrs quietly and does the work diligently and satisfactorily at first.”

“That’s right. So you are interested in a new one?”

“But after too short a time, the purring turns into clanking and growling and barking. And it’s all you can do to keep it going straight.”

“So. . . .”

“And as they get older, it seems that as the performance diminishes, the maintenance goes up.”

“Shall I wrap up the Toro, then?”

“I guess not. Just fix this one. No use spending extra money on a new one that will just break down like all the others.”

“Okay, sir.”

“Besides, I’ve kind of grown fond of old Gertrude. Been with me these eighteen years.”

“Right. I’ll fix the problem with the build-up and maybe add some paint and body work, and she’ll look like new.”

“That would be great. And say, could you put back some of that lively zip—if you know what I mean—that she had when I first brought her home?”

“Well, buddy, I’m sorry. I just fix lawnmowers. I don’t work miracles.”

 

'

X Too many talkers don’t know what they are talking about because they are not paying attention to the conversation they are in.

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

 

1. How does this story use humor to give an example of the problem created when two people do not seem to be discussing the same subject?

2. Define the idea of “talking past each other.”

3. How does the use of pronouns with unclear referents contribute to the success of the story?

 

 

vvv

Friday, January 08, 2021

Perspective

 

Perspective

 

M

el and Jim were driving down the road to town when they reached a turn that headed them into the low afternoon sun.

“This is terrible,” exclaimed Mel. “The sun is right in my eyes.”

“Mine, too,” said Jim, “but it’s not so bad.”

“What do you mean?” demanded Mel. “I can barely see. And the light hurts my eyes.”

“Yes, but that means you have eyes. Eyes that can see. Aren’t you happy that you aren’t blind?”

“Well, I guess so. But why does this road have to go right in the direction of the sun?”

“Because it’s going to town and we are fortunate enough to have a reliable vehicle, time, money, and purpose for going along this road into town. We have homes to leave and to return to.”

“But the sun—“

“Brings us a new day each day and a new night each night, in a country where we are free to drive around without having to show our travel papers every five miles, or be questioned about our business.”

 

'

X Whenever you experience a loss, have an accident or injury, or just grow irritated over heavy traffic, think of how many blessings you have that render your discomfort comparatively meaningless.

X Light—such as light from the sun—provides a metaphor for revealing truth. The truth is there, but our prejudices suppress it. We put the light under a basket because we are afraid of what we might see if we hold it up high.

 

To light a candle is the supreme act of courage.

 

vvv

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

1. Think of the way many people lived even just a hundred years ago and how many appliances, tools, and other luxuries they lacked.  Do you think we complain more or less than they did about how “difficult” life is?

 

Vocabulary

Thursday, January 07, 2021

Evidence

 

 

Evidence

 

Y

es, Sir, we have a very nice, quiet cottage for you and  your wife,” said the landlord to the young couple.

“Oh, we’re not married,” replied the man. “This is just my girlfriend.”

“Oh, just a couple of new romantics, eh?”

“Actually, not. We’ve been together for six years.”

“Six years? Why in the world haven’t you gotten married?” The landlord was taken aback.

“What for?” asked the  young man. “A marriage certificate is only a piece of paper. It’s meaningless.”

“I see. Well, here’s your room key.”

“Thanks. And here are the keys for the valet parking.”

“Well, thanks for the car.” The landlord began to strut toward the couple’s car and toss the keys as if he thought he owned it.

“What are you talking about? I gave you the keys so you can park it for me. Hey, where are you going?”

“It’s my car. You just gave it to me.”

“No, I didn’t. And if you don’t get out of my car, I’ll call the police.”

“So? I’ll tell them you gave it to me and they’ll take my word against yours. I’ve known many of the officers on the force for years.”

“But I have the pink slip,” objected the young man, clearly growing upset.

“The pink slip? That’s only a piece of paper—which is, as you say, meaningless. And don’t tell me you have the registration, too. That’s just more meaningless paper. See you.”

“Where are you going?”

“To my new home at 214 Willow Street.”

“No, you’re not. That’s my house.”

“Says you. But they say possession is nine tenths of the law. And I will soon be in possession.”

“But I have—.”

“And you might guess that I don’t care if you have a grant deed. That’s only piece of paper, too.”

“If you try to take my car and my house, I’ll sue—.”

“That would be great. Then you can testify as a witness for my side, affirming your recently spoken belief that the documents you are now referring to are only meaningless pieces of paper.”

 

 

'

X The value of many things lies in the meaning we have ascribed to them, not in their physical existence.

 

X Someone who pays $57 million for a three hundred-year-old painting is not buying merely a few ounces of oil paint on a canvas.

 

vvv

 

 

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

1. This story is obviously a fairy tale that would never happen. So what is its purpose?

2. Why do each of the pieces of paper exist? Are they necessary?

3. Can you think of other “meaningless” pieces of paper in common use today? What purpose do they serve?

 

Unsettled Science

 

 

Unsettled Science

 

Y

ou have quite a book collection,” said a man to his friend, as they examined the friend’s book shelves. “I didn’t know you were such a librarian.”

“Thank  you,” said the friend. “I love ideas.”

“But why,” demanded the man, as he spied a particular book, “do you keep this anti-science junk by Arronius in your library? His conclusions have been completely refuted by everyone worth noticing, you know.”

“I am aware of that,” said the librarian. “But it seems to me that he speaks truth in sixteen places, making the volume worth preserving.”

“But selling lies by including a little truth is surely the most common way of deceiving people.”

“That is also true. But that is why we learn critical thinking. To separate the true from the false, to ferret out deception, distortion, and deviousness. In fact,” the librarian added, as an afterthought, “you might even call Arronius an educator.”

“No, I wouldn’t,” said the man. “I’d call him a prevaricator. Perhaps a duper, certainly a fraud.”

“In general,” replied the defender of Arronius, you are right, as I have said. But as I have also just said, for the sake of the small truth, however crammed away or disguised, I have kept the book. In my view, any book with even a few kernels of truth is worth keeping in order to have access to that truth.”

“Well then, why don’t you just cut out the few pages with the truth in them and toss away the rest?”

“If we were to follow that advice for all of our books,” mused the librarian, “our libraries would consist of little other than a handful of pamphlets listing obvious facts. ”

“That is the most cynical, sweeping condemnation of the scientific enterprise I have ever heard,” said the scientist, his anger obviously rising.

“Then, too,” continued the book lover, “isn’t it possible that something we now consider error may by further learning or a more careful analysis come to be understood as truth? Or that some idea that today causes us to ridicule Arronius might someday prove to be a reason to praise him for pointing the way to the truth, for discovering the right pathway, even though he was wrong on his own journey down that path?”

“So you’re admitting that the lies in those books might eventually seduce you into error.”

“Not at all. I’m saying that one century’s truth often becomes another century’s error—even in science—and that sometimes what was scoffed at in one era is exalted in another.”

“What are you,” scowled the scientist, “some kind of twisted relativist?”

“No,” said the librarian, “I believe in absolute truth but I’m not so sure that what our society or culture identifies as truth is the absolute truth. Remember John Donne’s comment: ‘On a huge hill, cragged and steep, Truth stands, and he that will reach her, about must and about must go.’ We praise ourselves too hastily, I think, when we celebrate a new discovery of ‘truth’ which later turns out to be false.”

By now, the scientist was red with anger. “So you would throw ‘settled science’ into the trash can and go on drinking dirty water contaminated with cholera and bleeding people to make them well. Fortunately for sane and reasonable people, we have moved beyond that and into a healthier era.”

“And I’m glad to live in a modern, healthier era—.”

“—made so by science,” the scientist interrupted. “Give me one solid book of scientific truth and you can have a thousand of those other books filled with falsehoods and errors.”

“Yes, no doubt,” the librarian continued, “but as for truths in general, I see in my own imperfections the possible imperfections of others. Too often, upon closer examination, ‘facts’ turn out to be not observable or provable phenomena, but networks of arguments whose conclusions have been settled by political agreement and compromise more than by empirical evidence.”

“I’m going to report you.”

“Whatever for?”

“For denying the scientific method.”

“What is the scientific method, anyway?”

“You don’t know? Your employment in the academy is in jeopardy.”

 

'

X The practice of science often results not in the discovery of a new truth, but the discrediting of an old truth.

 

vvv

 

Questions for Thought and Discussion

1. What seems to be the scientist’s attitude toward science? Toward truth?

2. What is the librarian’s philosophy about truth?

3. What arguments does the scientist use to support his point about science?

4. What examples does the librarian use that he says make him cautious about statements of truth?

5. The two men discussing truth have different personalities and attitudes. What can you point to in the story that reveals each man’s personality?

6. At the beginning of the story, the author describes the two men in one way, but as the story progresses, their description changes. Comment on what the changes are and what effect this has.

 

 

Vocabulary

Locate in the story where each of the following words occurs. Then look up a definition of each word. Finally, write a sentence or two explaining the effectiveness of the word.

Refuted

Deceiving

Critical thinking

Deviousness

Prevaricator

Duper

Mused

Seduce

Scoffed

Scowled

Relativist

Cholera

Imperfections

Phenomena

Networks

Empirical

Jeopardy

 

Monday, January 04, 2021

Free Speech

 

 

Free Speech

 

J

ust as it often happens, one bright, sunny day two professors met halfway across the green at a prestigious, great American university.

“Hi, Frank.”

“Hi, John.”

“Um, assumptions 1 through 47, 56, 92, and 190 through 197, with the usual exceptions for 13b and 17g, with our regular qualifications on 194.”

“So stipulated, with the addition of 73c and 73d, and with liberty to interpret generalizations according to the Interuniversity Treaty of Discourse, Section 24, as amended.”

“Agreed. So, how’s it going?”

“Fine, fine (in accordance with Characterization Rule 6 of the Informal Interaction Protocol, Chapter 19, Section 102.43f, paragraph 37). How about you?”

“Great (as understood as a hyperbolic colloquialism per the Findings of the Ad Hoc Committee on Exaggeratory Declamation). Um, nice weather we’re having, huh? (as understood by Ruling 384c, Paragraph 5, of the Committee to Investigate Hegemonic Small Talk.)”

“I concur (as an interpersonal exchange agreeability response as defined by the Conversational Harmony Ruling of the Committee to Investigate Hurtful Speech, and without warranty or claim of correspondence to the actual atmospheric conditions, together with the right of no-fault recantation at any point, under either necessity or arbitrary decision, without a reason requirement).”

Now, it so happened that an ignorant freshman had been sitting on one of those uncomfortable concrete benches easily within hearing range of this interaction, and at this point in the discussion, curiosity got the better of his reserve, and he interrupted them.

“Excuse me, sirs, but what are you talking about?”

Both professors gave a start and looked at the young student with surprise and not a little fear and hostility.

“Well, well, apparent person,” said the professor named Frank, gruffly, “you can’t just break into a conversation like that.”

“Oh, I understand,” said the youth. “Hello. My name is Paul.”

“Knowing your name is not the issue,” said Professor Frank. We cannot talk to you because you haven’t been stipulated.”

“Oh, I’m officially registered for classes,” offered the young man, gamely.

“No, no, no,” said Professor Frank. Unless you agree in advance to the rules of discourse, we could get in trouble.”

“How?”

“Well, you might misinterpret what we say and get us hauled before the Committee. We could lose our jobs!” Professor Frank had begun to perspire nervously.

“The Committee?”

“Yes, yes. You know. The Committee to Investigate Politically Incorrect, Harassing, Hateful, Harmful, Hurtful, Horrible, Offensive, Microaggressive, Hegemonic, Non-Consensual, Non-Liberating, Renegade, Extremist, Heteronormative, Sexist, Unfair, Uncompassionate, Objectionable Speech, Writing, Gestures, and Other Communication.”

“You realize, Frank,” said the professor named John, in a sardonic tone, “that you are even now committing unstipulated discourse with an undergraduate. I should report you, in compliance with Directive 67.”

“No! Please!” cried Professor Frank, with choking emotion in his voice and a look of terror burned into his very red face. “I have not said anything actionable.”

“But maybe you were thinking it,” said Professor John. “And besides, you gave no trigger warnings before you used the words rules, trouble, misinterpret, and lose our jobs. You’ll recall that Professor Jenks was fired just last fall for failing to use a trigger warning before telling a student he had ‘misinterpreted the poem.’”

“Don’t compare me to him,” pleaded Professor Frank. “He deserved to be fired for trying to impose his reactionary, monoexegetic ideology on students—as if there is such a thing as a ‘misinterpretation.’ Such a vicious totalizing narrative has no place at the university.”

“I’m afraid I must report you,” said Professor John, glumly. “After all, you did say, ‘No, no, no,’ which is specifically declared abusive hate speech under the Criticism Elimination Directive Specifying Kind and Tolerant Speech, as Amended.”

Just as Professor Frank was at the point of getting on his knees to beg, the young man said, “This is nuts. I’m out of here.” But as he turned to leave, Professor John grabbed him by the arm.

“What did you say?” he demanded angrily.

“I said this whole thing is crazy, so I’m leaving.”

“No, you’re not,” said Professor John, hotly. “You’ve just committed a second degree communication felony. In fact, two of them.”

“Huh? What are you talking about?”

Instead of answering the young man, Professor John turned to Professor Frank and said, “Call a Communications Counselor.” But Frank was already talking to the Department of Communications Interaction Enforcement Speech Services (SS for short), and it wasn’t more than thirty seconds before two university cars arrived at high speed, bearing prominent signs with SS on them. As the cars braked hard to a stop, two uniformed men jumped out of each car. All four were pointing video cameras.

“Preemptive Protocol 1A,” said one of the officers, “and privileged rules under the Communications Interaction Enforcement Regulations. I’m Officer Jones, Speech Services. What is your narrative?” Two officers pointed their video cameras at the two professors and two at the student.

“This person here,” said Professor John, motioning toward the student, “used hate speech against us and accused us of being intellectually alternatively labeled. Twice.”

“Spell the words used,” said Officer Jones.

Professor John complied, and then added, “And we aren’t within 1000 feet of the Free Speech With Exceptions Bench in the  Quad.”

“This kind of intolerant and judgmental language is not protected by the Free Speech concessions,” said Officer Jones. “Those are both Category A words. The first is Prohibited Word number 1867 and the second is Prohibited Word number 4147. This abusive and smutty language is not protected anywhere on campus.”

It wasn’t long before the student was taken away in handcuffs and shackles to the Department of Communications Interaction Enforcement building, where he was placed in a holding cell on the eighth floor until his hearing.

At the trial before the Committee, the student’s appointed defense representative said, “If it please the court. While there is certainly no excuse at all for this person’s use of scurrilous, hateful, demeaning, unfair speech, it is incumbent on me to note, with emphasis, that said offender did say, ‘This is crazy,’ rather than ‘You are crazy.’ Had such a case obtained, I would never have agreed to defend him.”

The six members of the prosecution team all nodded their heads in agreement. The judge said, “Of course, in that case, he would have been immediately expelled from the university.” The judge also noted that the typical penalty included being prohibited for life from attending any other campus of the state’s universities, or any of the universities in the country that were members of the Consortium for Fair and Open Communications.

However, since this was his first offense, and since the student was a freshman in his first week on campus, and had not yet taken Multicultural Community 101, Sociology 1A: Maintaining a Safe Environment, or the three-day language sensitivity orientation training, and since the judge on his case was known for softness and leniency, the student’s only penalty was to write a 10,000-word apology to each of the two professors, a 25,000-word essay on the evils of hate speech, 80 hours of communications sensitivity training, 240 hours of community service (helping the librarians mark out offensive words from books, journals, and magazines), and a permanent notice on his transcript that he had been convicted of four counts (two words spoken to two people) of hateful, bigoted, hurtful, offensive scurrility.

“We want the university to be a free and open place where students—and faculty—can feel safe to learn and communicate without fear of insult or offense,” concluded the judge at the end of a lengthy, pointed, biting condemnation of the student’s behavior.

“I don’t understand this at all,” said one faculty member in the audience. “Why does this judge always let them off so easy?”

 

'

 

 

Laws can be good or bad, and judgments just or unjust. Strive for a good and just society.

 

Questions About the Story

1. When you read this story, what makes you think that the story is not to be taken as a literal account of what actually goes on at many universities?

2. What about the story suggests that it is warning of a dystopian future?

 

Literary Enhancement

Satire is a writing mode that criticizes a target by adopting a pose or attitude that pretends to be neutral or even supportive of the target, but by using exaggeration, irony, understatement, and other techniques, causes the target to appear ridiculous and laughable.

In the story, after reading the sentence imposed on the student, the last paragraph is clearly ironic.

Describe other satiric elements or examples in the story.

 

 

Vocabulary

Locate in the story where each of the following words occurs. Then look up a definition of each word. Finally, write a sentence or two explaining the effectiveness of the word.

Stipulated

Hyperbolic

Discourse

Declamation

Prestigious

Sardonic

Gamely

Harassing

Perspiring

Ideology

Glumly

Leniency

Smutty

Dystopian